H1 mtDNA 16262T 16278T HVR1 as a genetic signature of the Portuguese maritime expansion

I have the rare HVR1 16262T 16278T 16519C mtDNA belonging to haplogroup H1

Frequencies of the rare 16262T, 16278T motif in three different databases:

SMGF Brazil 1348/2 (Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina)
FTDNA 430/2 Portugal (Brazil and USA with documented genealogies to the Ribeirinha, Terceira, Açores, Azores)
Terceira Island 18/2, Azores (total) 120/2
Mitochondrial DNA patterns in the Macaronesia islands: Variation within and among archipelagos
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/122687703/sm002.xls?PLACEBO=IE.pdf

In the H1 FGS Project the next close match (without the rare 16262T) is RY9WZ from Valladolid, Spain at the cluster Z1a, but there’s a good distance. So that’s an old Iberian lineage
http://www.familytreedna.com/public/mtDNA_H1/default.aspx?section=mtresults

The 16262T 16278T motif seems to be related to a single woman as a founder colonist in the Terceira Island, Azores. That’s a presumable representative of the first Atlantic embarked European mtDNA in the 15th century and it’s an ethnic and national genetic signature of the old Portuguese Empire. Usually the Portuguese haplotypes are distinctively found clustered only in the Western Iberian Portuguese speaking areas and in the main Colony of Brazil as their big territorial expansion.

The theory of sampling obeys the principle of statistical regularity and the 16262T 16278T mtDNA genetic signature presents specific frequencies and the haplotypes can be analyzed as a more or less regular percentage found in diverse samples from the Azorean and Brazilian populations.

Another European map from deCODEme

Another European map from deCODEme (thanks to Evon)
Autosomal DNA
The flags are the national clusters
I am the Brazilian flag to the left !

Brazilian cluster/position at deCODEme II

European local maps.

The first map was made by Evon at DNA Forums. Only two Brazilians there.

The second map is showing the green box of the four Brazilian samples at the same place.

Middle Eastern box with the Brazilian green box outside

European box with the Brazilian green box inside

South West Asian box with the Brazilian green box outside

Brazilian cluster/position at deCODEme

DECODEME world map.

Circles are individuals. On the top the grey colour representing the European populations. Down to the left, , the Middle Eastern populations (purple) and to the bottom, the African populations(light blue). In the right, the Southwestern Asian populations (brown), the Amerindian populations (red), the Eastern Asian (light green)and the Oceanian populations (dark green ).

Old Colonial Brazilian Stock position at deCODEme

Brazil is one of the most diverse societies of the world.

Brazilians can be everywhere at the deCODEme Map of Kinship.
Some Brazilians are clustering in a specific place.
Ethnic Brazilians of Colonial Portuguese origin are the Brazilians of Old Stock origin, families with a documented and registered history of 500 years in the Brazilian Genealogies from Bahia, Pernambuco, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The old Senhoriato Colonial, “Homens Bons”, old Brazilian Nativism, the Bandeirante stock, the Senhores de Engenho stock, a new original population of European and Portuguese origin that conquered and colonized half of South America, a new amalgama, a new composite made mainly of Northern Portuguese origins with distant small Amerindian and African admixture in the Colonial times and other European admixtures in the last 200 years. In Brazil they are also known as Quinhentões (500 hundreds), “Old Colonial White” Brazilians, European Brazilians of Portuguese Colonial origin. The Y DNA of this group is 100% European and the mtDNA has a representative proportion of European, Amerindian and African mtDNA produced by the Colonial experience in Brazil. In terms of Manhood they represent the main force and the main drive of the Portuguese world wide Empire with a very homogeneous ethnic identity coming from the Minho, Portucale, expressed as a very homogeneous national identity and political unity in Brazil. The old real or imaginary notion of one People, one Language, one Church, One State, One King, One Ethno-National Project of conquest and colonization. In Brazil this group has created a new branch of the Portuguese language, the Brazilian Portuguese and a new branch of the Portuguese State, the Estado do Brasil, State of Brazil organized since 1549.
The Old Brazilian Stock is organized in the European box at deCODEme and they form a new type of population in the World box because they are in the European box closer to the already existent European populations, not being part of any of them and being far more distant to the other world populations listed as references. The Colonial Brazilians can be closer to some European groups than other Europeans are closer to other different European groups. The Old Brazilian Stock position is different from the Portuguese and other Iberian groups. The analyzed Colonial Brazilian proportions at 23andMe and deCODEme are different from the Puerto Ricans in the same way that the Puerto Ricans are very distant from the Mexicans, still we need more data from the American continent. Old Brazilian Stock was a product of 600.000 Portuguese men – Homens - that came to Brazil in the Colonial Era (1500-1808). Nowadays more than 40 millions of Y DNA descend from the founder base. Brazilian diversity has also had Amerindians and imported labourers from Africa, Europe and Asia in the last 500 years and the Old Stock Brazilians have mixed with and assimilated every social group in Brazil in the last 500 years. The Brazilian genetic structure is completely different from the United States and from Mexico, for instance because genetics can only be understood by the sociological analysis of the formation of the Brazilian social classes and the local conflicts. The Old Colonial Brazilians organized the State, the economy, the culture and unleashed several wars against Amerindian groups, European Powers and African Maroons in Brazil to keep the giant territorial size of Brazil and to remain the ruling class and a powerful and rich Brazilian Elite in the last 500 years, always absorbing and incorporating other groups as the Brazilian universal class in the entire Brazilian territory and creating the specific Brazilian melting pot. The important Amerindian and African contributions mixed and structured the Old Brazilian Stock position to the East and to the South of the European box, creating a completely new space present in the European box as a result of the Old Stock Colonial Brazilian references tested there. So history, society, identities and genetics can explain the unique Brazilian autosomal positions at the deCODEme World Map of Kinship.

Brazilian circle, a new world population within the European box

Brazilian green box with four Brazilian samples

European box with the Brazilian green box inside

Ricardo Costa de Oliveira

Diodorus Siculus, Medes to the River Don

"Greek historian Diodorus Siculus related that the Scythians had carried Medes to the River Don north of the Caucasus presumably from today's northwestern Iran, this event giving rise to their name Sauromatians. Scythians had occupied Media 653-625 B.C.E. Pliny also suggested Sarmatians descended from Medes".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(Y-DNA)

"The Medes, (Greek Μῆδοι, from an Old Persian Mādai; Middle Persian Māh, Assyrian Mādāyu, modern Med or Medya or مەدئوو مەدیا; New Persian مادها) were an ancient Iranian people[2] who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. This area is known as Media (also Medea; Greek Μηδία, Old Persian "
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes

"It was by these kings that many of the conquered peoples were removed to other homes, and two of these became very great colonies: the one was composed of Assyrians and was removed to the land between Paphlagonia and Pontus, and the other was drawn from Media and planted along the Tanaïs (ancient name for the River Don in Russia), its people receiving the name Sauromatae. 7 Many years later this people became powerful and ravaged a large part of Scythia, and destroying utterly all whom they subdued they turned most of the land into a desert".
Diodorus Siculus Library of History. Book II, 35‑60 (end)
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/2B*.html
Pliny, Natural History, VI, ch 7, W. H. Jones, transl., Wm. Heinemann, London, 1949-54

Balance of the year, 2009

As a balance of the year (2009), I’ve tried to calculate the correlation between my specific haplotype and its overall frequency in terms of the Y DNA structure of the population. I still have absolutely no matches at the FTDNA page, no matches either at the recent ancestral origins page. I only have two J1b 3 -Step Mutations matches at the haplotree matches, one from Portugal and the other from Galicia, Spain. So my haplotype is still extremely rare in the FTDNA database, meaning that it is extremely rare in Western Europe. The two other SNP tested Western Iberian FTDNA J1b haplotypes, one from the Azores, Portugal, and the other from Galicia, Spain are matching each other at 67/64 and I am at a genetic distance of 67/59 from both. As December of 2009 J1b M365 modal haplotype 19-15, 390-22, 393-13, 385a-12, 385b -19or20, 388-16, 458-18.2, YCA21-22

J1b is L136 negative, another proof that some of the most basal clades of J1 are in the Northern areas.

FTDNA (confirmed J1b)
648 Portuguese haplotypes - 2 J1b = 0,3%
Galicia, Spain (close to the Portuguese border) – 1 J1b, no other was found in any FTDNA Hispanic population with several thousands of tested people.

YHRD (presumed J1b – modal haplotype)
Rio de Janeiro – 380 – 1 J1b = 0,2%
Iran – Rasht – Gilaki – 47 – 1 J1b = 2,1 %
Iran – Sari – Mazandarani – 50 – 1 J1b = 2%
Portugal - Azores – 68 – 2 J1b = 2,9%
Turkey (presumed J1b – modal haplotype)
Kahramanmaras – 111 -1 J1b
Kahramanmaras – 109 – 2 J1b (difference from the modal at 390=23)

Population and segregation data on 17 Y-STRs: results of a GEP-ISFG collaborative study (2008)Haplotype 389, 1 presumed J1b modal haplotype in 244 Northern Portuguese haplotypes = 0.4%

SMGF (presumed full J1b – modal haplotype)
619 Brazilian haplotypes – 2 J1b = 0,3%
245 Iranian haplotypes –– 5 J1b = 2,0 %, all from Northern Iran and some from the Caspian shores.
2 Reunion Islands, Portuguese origin – 2 J1b – 2/2= 100%

The Portuguese and Brazilian haplotypes are all matching below the limit of 1500 years
The Portuguese/Brazilian and Iranian haplotypes are all matching above the limit of 1500 years

The radar of temporal distances between the SMGF Northern Iranian J1b haplotypes and the Portuguese-Brazilian haplotypes is pointing to approximately 1500 yearsMy own haplotype is matching the Portuguese/Brazilians SMGF haplotypes at 24/28 (Ferrere/Ferreira) and my last (most distant) Brazilian match and my first closest Iranians haplotypes are at 22/28, meaning by SMGF a calculated 50% Cumulative Probability of 48 generations, 1488 yearsThe rate of J1b haplotypes in the Portuguese Y DNA stock is consistent with 0,2 (± 0,2) % in any sample with more than 500/1000 random individuals.The population of the Roman Conventus Bracaraugustanus (more or less the Entre-Douro-e-Minho region) was described by Plinio as 285.000 in 20.300 km², what can be considered the original base of the modern Portuguese and the Brazilian Y DNA stock. The Suevi and Alan migration would had a social, political and demographic impact on that population. A small group or even only one J1b arriving in Northwestern Iberia 1500 years ago, possibly with the Alan migration (40.000 in Iberia, consisting of several different haplotypes and haplogroups of Iranian speaking tribes from the Caucasian, Caspian and Eastern Anatolian area), should be extremely successful to be a regular genetic Y DNA component of the Portuguese stock after 1500 years. One man or a small group in an approximately population of 285.000 (142.500 Y DNA, the initial ratio would be 1/142.500), but the Suevi and Alans arrived as invaders or Conquistadores in Northwestern Iberia, so a possible high social status could mean a kind of reproductive advantage common in that cases. Afterwards the Islamic invasion brought the almost complete destruction of the urban infrastructure because the cities and the main churches were hit hard and only by the 1050-1090 AD a stable frontier was secured by the Northwestern Iberian Christians in the Douro River. So the ethnogenesis and formation of the Portuguese population and the Portuguese language around the year 1000 AD in-between the Entre-Douro-e-Minho area could be perhaps estimated in 200.000 persons, the lowest demographic point after the most destructive incursions of Al-Mansur in the Northern areas of the Iberian Peninsula. Even an already stable J1b haplotype ratio of 0,2% of the estimated 100.000 Y DNA in the Minho around the year 1000 would mean at least 200 men socially well rooted, established and integrated in that population. In times of total war against the Arabs and Moors and later the expulsion or assimilation of the Jews (some specific J1e clusters and clades can be more associated with the Islamic and Jewish religions, like some P-58 can be more associated probably to Arab and Jewish origins), important dividing moments in the history of different J1 clusters from Western Iberia that depending on the religious and political side would had social disadvantages in face of the military destruction and religious prosecution after the ethnogenesis of the Entre-Douro-e-Minho population and the creation of the Portuguese Christian National State with the conquest of the Portuguese territory to the south of Coimbra and the assimilation of an unknown number of local populations (Mozarab, Muladi, Berber, Arab, Jew, Mudejar). Here the traditions and the memories of a genealogical lineage can help. In terms of conventional genealogy the social status of a lineage in the 16th and 17th centuries as “Old Christian” (“Cristão Velho”) and the Honorific Orders and Catholic Priesthood of the Ancien Régime can bring some information about the religious origins of some families in Iberia. Portugal was the first to sail away to discover new lands and the Atlantic expansion was a platform for the big growth of the Portuguese Y DNA in Brazil, meaning the expansion from the old Entre-Douro-e-Minho basal stock where J1b has been part of the vanguards in the new lands and new frontiers. The Roman Empire and the Caliphate politically connected the fringes of Eastern Anatolia and Western Iberia and a Dailamite mercenary or a trader could had traveled between the two points but at 1500 years all the elements are pointing to the known historically registered and documented trip of the Alans. Somehow the old Alan mentality or weltschauung of distant expansion was present in those first journeys of the odyssey of the sea discoveries of the Caravelas and the land discoveries of the Brazilian Bandeirantes, not to mention the idea of a King as a Knight sometimes disappearing in battlefields like some Portuguese Kings did to return encantados.
Let’s wait more results and data !

We need representative databases (different sets of haplotypes with more than 500 collected haplotypes, so we can apply the statistical sampling theory) and we can try to calculate the genetic distances and the different frequencies. The size of a haplotype in a given population can be a historical testimony of old demographic processes. If we don't find matches there must be a historical and social explanation in the same way that a very frequent haplotype in a population also must be explained in terms of social and political hypothesis. Let's read the databases.

J1 Clan Tree Diagram - J1b among the most basal

J1 Tree Diagram (as designed by the FTDNA J1 Project).

"This diagram of the relationships of 190 J1 haplotypes, from members of this project and of the Arabian J1 project, was created using 52 markers out of the 67-marker set, with 15 of the fastest- mutating markers having been eliminated as unsuitable for phylogenetic purposes. In the future it would be desirable to find a way to incorporate SNP information into the tree creation process. Anyone who can find a way to do this in SplitsTree, please contact the project admin. Clusters are labeled with information known as of 9/6/09".

http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Y-DNA_J/default.aspx?section=results

I am the 73612 haplotype !